KUP 63 Have knowledge of personal survival techniques

The vast and often unpredictable nature of the world’s oceans presents unique challenges to maritime safety. Personal survival techniques are not just skills to be learned; they are vital tools that can mean the difference between life and death in emergency situations at sea. This lesson will provide an in-depth exploration of the knowledge and practical skills essential for survival in maritime emergencies.

The importance of these techniques cannot be overstated. In 2019 alone, the International Maritime Organization reported 3,174 lives lost at sea. Many of these tragedies might have been prevented with proper knowledge and application of survival techniques. As we delve into this crucial topic, remember that your most powerful survival tool is your mind – your will to live and your ability to think clearly under pressure.

I. Understanding Maritime Emergencies

Maritime emergencies can arise from various situations, each presenting unique challenges for survival. Let’s explore some of the most common scenarios:

A. Fire:
Shipboard fires are one of the most dangerous emergencies at sea. In 2018, the car carrier Sincerity Ace experienced a major fire in the Pacific Ocean. The crew of 21 had to abandon ship, with 16 being rescued successfully. This incident highlights the critical importance of fire prevention and evacuation procedures.

Fires can spread rapidly on ships due to the presence of flammable materials and confined spaces. They can lead to structural damage, loss of power, and the release of toxic fumes. In a fire situation, knowledge of evacuation routes, the location and use of firefighting equipment, and proper abandonment procedures are crucial.

B. Collision:
Collisions at sea, while relatively rare, can be catastrophic. The collision between the USS Fitzgerald and the MV ACX Crystal in 2017 resulted in seven fatalities and significant damage to both vessels. This incident underscores the importance of immediate damage assessment and evacuation readiness.

In a collision scenario, rapid flooding can occur, necessitating quick decision-making regarding whether to abandon ship or attempt to save the vessel. Understanding damage control procedures and being prepared for quick evacuation are key survival skills.

C. Flooding:
Flooding can result from collisions, groundings, or failure of the ship’s hull integrity. The sinking of the MV Sewol in 2014, which resulted in 304 fatalities, many of them students, illustrates the devastating potential of rapid flooding.

In flooding situations, knowledge of watertight compartments, emergency pumps, and abandon ship procedures is critical. Understanding how your vessel behaves when taking on water can inform crucial decisions about when to abandon ship.

D. Severe Weather:
Extreme weather conditions pose significant risks to vessels of all sizes. The El Faro tragedy in 2015, where all 33 crew members were lost when the ship sailed into Hurricane Joaquin, serves as a stark reminder of the power of nature at sea.

Survival in severe weather scenarios often depends on the integrity of the vessel and the crew’s ability to navigate and maintain stability. However, if abandonment becomes necessary, survival craft must be able to withstand extreme conditions.

E. Piracy:
While not a natural disaster, piracy remains a significant threat in certain parts of the world. The hijacking of the Maersk Alabama in 2009 off the coast of Somalia brought modern piracy into the global spotlight.

In piracy situations, survival may depend on a combination of security measures, compliance with established protocols, and potentially, negotiation skills. While beyond the scope of traditional survival techniques, awareness of piracy risks and response procedures is important for maritime professionals.

II. Psychological Aspects of Survival

The will to survive is perhaps the most crucial factor in any survival situation. The story of Poon Lim, who survived 133 days alone on a raft in the Atlantic during World War II, is a testament to the power of mental resilience.

A. Recognizing and Managing Fear and Panic:
Fear is a natural response to life-threatening situations, but uncontrolled fear can lead to panic, which impairs decision-making and reduces chances of survival. Techniques for managing fear include:

1. Controlled breathing: Practice deep, slow breaths to calm your nervous system.
2. Positive self-talk: Remind yourself of your training and your will to survive.
3. Focus on immediate tasks: Concentrate on what needs to be done right now, rather than dwelling on the overall situation.

B. Importance of Positive Mental Attitude:
Maintaining a positive outlook can significantly impact survival chances. Strategies include:

1. Setting small, achievable goals
2. Visualizing rescue and reunion with loved ones
3. Maintaining a routine, even in survival situations
4. Drawing strength from religious or personal beliefs

C. Decision Making Under Stress:
Survival situations require clear thinking and decisive action. The STOP acronym can be helpful:

• Stop: Pause and assess the situation
• Think: Consider your options and resources
• Observe: Look around for potential dangers and assets
• Plan: Decide on a course of action and implement it

Remember, your mental state can influence others in a group survival situation. Demonstrating calm and purposeful behavior can help maintain morale and increase collective chances of survival.

III. Abandon Ship Procedures

Knowing when and how to abandon ship is a critical survival skill. The tragic sinking of the Costa Concordia in 2012, which resulted in 32 fatalities, underscores the importance of clear abandon ship procedures and passenger preparedness.

A. Abandon Ship Signals:
Recognizing the abandon ship signal is crucial. The international maritime abandon ship signal is seven short blasts followed by one long blast on the ship’s whistle, accompanied by a similar signal on the general alarm system.

It’s important to note that in some emergencies, there may not be time for a formal abandon ship signal. Therefore, crew members should be prepared to recognize signs of imminent danger and act accordingly.

B. Muster Stations:
Every crew member and passenger must know their assigned muster station. This information is typically provided during safety briefings and is posted on safety cards in passenger cabins or crew areas.

The muster list, also known as a station bill, outlines each crew member’s duties during an emergency. Familiarize yourself with this document and understand your role in abandon ship procedures.

C. Abandonment Sequence:

1. Don lifejacket correctly: Ensure it’s securely fastened and adjust for a snug fit.
2. Collect additional warm clothing if time permits: Hypothermia is a significant risk in water survival situations.
3. Muster at designated station: Move quickly but calmly to avoid creating panic.
4. Follow instructions from officers and crew: Clear communication and adherence to the chain of command are crucial in emergencies.
5. Board survival craft or jump into water as directed: If jumping into water becomes necessary, use the proper technique to minimize injury and cold shock.

D. Practical Considerations:

• If possible, send a distress call before abandoning ship.
• Take emergency supplies if readily available (water, food, additional signaling devices).
• Assist others who may be struggling with the evacuation process.
• If time permits, ensure all spaces are checked for trapped or unconscious individuals.

Remember, the decision to abandon ship is typically made by the captain. However, in extreme circumstances where the command structure has broken down, individuals may need to make this decision based on their assessment of the situation.

IV. Survival in Water

Survival in water presents unique challenges, including the risks of drowning, hypothermia, and exhaustion. Understanding these risks and knowing how to mitigate them is crucial.

A. Cold Shock Response:
Sudden immersion in cold water can cause an immediate gasp reflex, potentially leading to water inhalation. The initial minute after immersion is critical. Techniques to manage cold shock include:

1. Try to enter the water gradually if possible.
2. If you must jump, hold your nose and cover your mouth.
3. Once in the water, focus on controlling your breathing. Take slow, deep breaths.
4. Keep your head above water. A properly donned lifejacket will assist with this.

B. Swimming Techniques:
Conservation of energy is crucial for prolonged survival in water.

1. Heat Escape Lessening Posture (HELP):

• Cross your arms tightly against your chest.
• Draw your knees up to your chest, keeping your legs together.
• Float as still as possible to conserve heat and energy.

1. Huddling Technique:
   In groups, form a circle facing inward:

• Link arms over each other’s shoulders.
• Press your sides together.
• Intertwine your legs in the center of the circle.
  This position helps conserve heat and keeps the group together.

1. Treading Water:
   When treading water is necessary:

• Use slow, deliberate movements.
• Keep your head above water, tilted slightly back.
• Use your arms for gentle sculling motions.
• Move your legs in a slow, scissor-like motion or a gentle eggbeater motion.

C. Hypothermia:
Hypothermia is a significant risk in water survival situations. Understanding its progression and how to delay its onset is crucial.

Symptoms of hypothermia progress as follows:

1. Shivering and cold sensation
2. Slow, weak pulse
3. Slurred speech
4. Confusion and irrational behavior
5. Unconsciousness

To delay the onset of hypothermia:

• Keep your head and neck out of the water.
• Assume the HELP or huddle position.
• Stay as still as possible to conserve energy.
• If wearing an immersion suit, ensure it’s properly sealed.

Treatment of hypothermia victims:

• Move the person to a warm environment if possible.
• Remove wet clothing and dry the person.
• Warm the body gradually, starting with the trunk.
• If conscious, give warm, sweet drinks (no alcohol).
• Seek medical attention as soon as possible.

D. Threats in Water:

1. Marine Life:
   While shark attacks are rare, they are a concern in some waters. To minimize risk:

• Stay in groups.
• Avoid areas known for shark activity.
• Remove shiny objects that might resemble fish scales.
• If a shark is spotted, maintain a defensive posture and prepare to fight if attacked. Jellyfish stings can be painful and potentially dangerous. If stung:
• Remove any remaining tentacles carefully.
• Rinse the affected area with seawater (not fresh water).
• Apply vinegar if available to neutralize the sting.

1. Dehydration and Saltwater Consumption:
   Never drink seawater. It increases dehydration and can lead to kidney failure. To manage thirst:

• Moisten lips with seawater but do not swallow.
• If it rains, collect and drink as much freshwater as possible.
• Once in a survival craft, carefully ration any available water.

1. Fatigue and Exhaustion:
   Conserve energy whenever possible:

• Float rather than swim if not making progress towards rescue or land.
• Take turns resting if in a group.
• Stay positive and focus on survival goals to combat mental fatigue.

V. Personal Life-Saving Appliances

Understanding the use and limitations of personal life-saving appliances is crucial for survival at sea.

A. Lifejackets:
Lifejackets are the most fundamental piece of survival equipment. They keep you afloat, help maintain body heat, and crucially, keep your head above water even if you’re unconscious.

Types of Lifejackets:

1. Inherently Buoyant Lifejackets:

• Made of buoyant materials like foam.
• Always buoyant, no inflation required.
• Bulkier but more reliable in emergencies.

1. Inflatable Lifejackets:

• Compact when not inflated.
• Can be manually or automatically inflated.
• Require more maintenance and checking.

Proper Donning Techniques:

1. Place the lifejacket over your head.
2. Fasten and adjust all straps securely.
3. Ensure the jacket sits snugly on your shoulders and doesn’t ride up.
4. If it has a crotch strap, fasten it to prevent the jacket from riding up in water.

Maintenance and Storage:

• Regularly inspect for damage or wear.
• Store in a dry, easily accessible location.
• For inflatable jackets, check the CO2 cartridge and inflation mechanism regularly.

B. Immersion Suits:
Immersion suits, also known as survival suits or “Gumby suits,” provide thermal protection in cold water.

Purpose and Benefits:

• Significantly extend survival time in cold water.
• Provide buoyancy.
• Offer some protection from the elements.

Donning Procedures:

1. Remove shoes and bulky clothing.
2. Step into the suit feet first.
3. Pull the suit up and insert arms into sleeves.
4. Pull the hood over your head.
5. Zip up fully and ensure the face flap is properly sealed.

Practice donning your immersion suit regularly. In emergencies, the goal is to don the suit in under two minutes.

Limitations and Care:

• Mobility is limited when wearing the suit.
• Regularly inspect for leaks or damage.
• Ensure zippers are lubricated and functional.
• Store in an easily accessible location.

C. Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs):
PLBs are portable devices that alert search and rescue services of your position in an emergency.

Function and Activation:

• When activated, they transmit a distress signal on the 406 MHz frequency.
• Many modern PLBs also include GPS for accurate positioning.
• Some models can transmit on 121.5 MHz for final homing.

To activate:

1. Deploy the antenna.
2. Turn on the device.
3. If possible, ensure the PLB has a clear view of the sky.

Registration Requirements:

• PLBs must be registered with the appropriate national authority.
• Keep registration information up to date.
• Registration helps rescuers respond more effectively with information about the beacon owner.

D. Pyrotechnic Distress Signals:
These visual distress signals are crucial for attracting attention once you’ve abandoned ship.

Types:

1. Hand Flares:

• Produce bright red light for about 1 minute.
• Used for short-range signaling.

1. Parachute Flares:

• Launched high into the air.
• Visible for longer distances.
• Burn for about 40 seconds.

1. Smoke Signals:

• Produce dense orange smoke.
• Most effective in daylight and calm conditions.

Safe Usage:

• Always point flares downwind and away from the survival craft.
• Wear gloves if available to protect from drips of hot material.
• Never look directly at a burning flare.
• Dispose of used flares carefully as they may reignite.

Storage:

• Keep in a watertight container.
• Store in an easily accessible location.
• Check expiration dates regularly and replace as needed.

VI. Survival Craft

Survival craft are vessels designed to keep survivors safe after abandoning ship. Understanding their features and proper use is critical for survival at sea.

A. Life Rafts:
Life rafts are inflatable survival craft designed to keep survivors out of the water.

Types:

1. Inflatable Life Rafts:

• Compact when stored.
• Inflated by gas cylinder when deployed.
• Can be davit-launched or throw-overboard type.

1. Rigid Life Rafts:

• Always maintain their shape.
• More durable but take up more storage space.
• Less common on modern vessels.

Launching and Boarding Procedures:

1. For throw-overboard rafts:

• Ensure the raft is attached to the ship by its painter line.
• Throw the raft overboard.
• Pull the painter line to inflate the raft.
• Once inflated, board the raft directly or via the ship’s embarkation ladder.

1. For davit-launched rafts:

• Lower the raft to the embarkation deck.
• Board the raft.
• Lower the raft to the water.
• Release the hooks and move away from the ship.

Equipment Found in Life Rafts:

• First aid kit
• Drinking water and emergency rations
• Fishing kit
• Signaling devices (mirrors, whistles, flares)
• Bailer and sponges
• Repair kit
• Seasickness tablets

Life Raft Management:

1. Drogue: Deploy the sea anchor to prevent drifting.
2. Bailing: Keep the raft dry to prevent hypothermia.
3. Maintaining: Regularly inspect for leaks and repair if necessary.
4. Rationing: Carefully manage food and water supplies.

B. Lifeboats:
Lifeboats are more substantial survival craft, typically found on larger vessels. They provide a higher level of protection and resources for extended survival at sea.

Types:

1. Open Lifeboats:

• Basic design, less protection from elements.
• Rarely used in modern vessels.

1. Partially Enclosed Lifeboats:

• Provide some protection from the elements.
• Often used on cargo ships.

1. Fully Enclosed Lifeboats:

• Offer maximum protection from the environment.
• Self-righting capability in most designs.

1. Free-Fall Lifeboats:

• Launched by dropping from a height.
• Designed for rapid evacuation in extreme conditions.

Launching Procedures:

1. For davit-launched boats:

• Remove gripes and other securing devices.
• Ensure the boat is fully equipped.
• Lower to embarkation deck.
• Board according to the muster list.
• Lower to water and release hooks.
• Start engine and move away from the ship.

1. For free-fall boats:

• Crew secures themselves in seats.
• Release mechanism is activated.
• Boat slides down ramp and enters water bow-first.

Equipment and Supplies:
Lifeboats are typically equipped with:

• Engine and fuel
• Compass and other navigational equipment
• Emergency food and water rations
• First aid kit
• Distress signals (flares, EPIRB)
• Tools for repairs
• Fishing gear

Lifeboat Command Structure:

• A designated officer or crew member takes charge.
• Clear chain of command is established.
• Duties are assigned (lookout, rationing, maintenance).

VII. Survival Techniques in Life Rafts/Boats

Once aboard a survival craft, specific actions and techniques can significantly increase chances of survival and rescue.

A. Immediate Actions Upon Boarding:

1. Cut the Painter Line:

• Once all survivors are aboard and you’re clear of the ship, cut the painter line to prevent being pulled down if the ship sinks.

1. Deploy Sea Anchor:

• This helps maintain position and reduces the risk of capsizing in rough seas.

1. Close Entrances:

• In life rafts, close canopy entrances to protect from the elements.
• In enclosed lifeboats, ensure all hatches are securely closed.

1. Take Anti-Seasickness Medication:

• Seasickness can lead to dehydration and further complications.
• Administer medication early, before symptoms set in.

B. Water and Food Management:
Proper rationing of water and food is crucial for long-term survival.

1. Water Rationing:

• Typically, ration water to about 500ml (16 oz) per person per day.
• Increase ration if rainwater can be collected.

1. Collecting Rainwater:

• Use any available containers.
• The canopy of life rafts often has a rainwater collection system.

1. Food Rationing:

• Do not eat for the first 24 hours.
• Then ration food to small amounts, about 300-350 calories per day per person.

1. Emergency Desalination Kits:

• If available, follow instructions carefully.
• These can provide additional fresh water from seawater.

C. Signaling for Rescue:
Being seen is crucial for rescue. Use all available means to signal your position.

1. Use of Pyrotechnics:

• Use sparingly and at appropriate times (when potential rescuers are sighted).
• Follow the sequence: use smoke signals during day, flares at night.

1. Improvised Signaling Methods:

• Use mirrors or shiny objects to reflect sunlight.
• Create improvised flags or sea anchors with bright colors.

1. EPIRB and SART Operation:

• Ensure these devices are activated and properly positioned.
• Keep batteries dry and conserve power when possible.

D. Protection Against Environmental Factors:
Survival craft provide some protection, but additional measures are often necessary.

1. Sun Exposure:

• Keep the body covered.
• If possible, erect a shade or stay under the canopy.
• Use any available sunscreen.

1. Cold Exposure:

• Huddle together for warmth.
• Keep clothing as dry as possible.
• In life rafts, stay off the floor using seat cushions if available.

1. Seasickness Management:

• Use medication if available.
• Focus on the horizon to reduce nausea.
• If vomiting occurs, replace lost fluids if possible.

VIII. Search and Rescue Operations

Understanding how search and rescue operations work can help survivors take actions that increase their chances of being found.

A. Methods of Detection:

1. Visual:

• Aircraft typically fly search patterns at low altitudes.
• Ships may be tasked for surface searches.

1. Electronic:

• Radar can detect even small survival craft.
• Radio direction-finding equipment can locate emergency beacons.

B. Assisting in Your Own Rescue:

1. Attracting Attention:

• Use all available signaling devices.
• Create improvised signals (e.g., using fabric or objects to spell “SOS” if on land or a stable platform).

1. Cooperating with Rescuers:

• Follow instructions given by rescue personnel.
• In helicopter rescues, allow the rescue swimmer to assist you – don’t attempt to grab or climb without instruction.

IX. Practical Exercises and Drills

Regular drills and exercises are crucial for maintaining readiness. Here are some practical exercises that can enhance survival skills:

A. Donning Lifejackets and Immersion Suits:

1. Timed Exercises:

• Practice donning lifejackets in under 1 minute.
• Aim to don immersion suits in under 2 minutes.

1. Practicing in Darkness or Simulated Adverse Conditions:

• Use blindfolds or dim lighting to simulate night conditions.
• Practice in simulated rough weather (e.g., on a rocking platform).

B. Water Survival Techniques:

1. Entering Water Safely from a Height:

• Practice proper jumping technique: cross arms over chest, cover mouth and nose with one hand, other hand on lifejacket.
• Learn to slide into water feet-first when close to water level.

1. Practicing HELP and Huddling Techniques:

• In a pool or controlled water environment, practice these positions.
• Time how long individuals can maintain these positions.

1. Boarding a Life Raft from Water:

• Practice climbing into a life raft using the boarding ramp or ladder.
• Learn techniques for assisting others into the raft.

C. Life Raft Drills:

1. Deploying and Boarding a Life Raft:

• Practice with training life rafts to understand inflation and boarding procedures.

1. Righting a Capsized Life Raft:

• Learn and practice the technique for righting an inverted life raft.

1. Using Life Raft Equipment:

• Familiarize yourself with all equipment found in life rafts.
• Practice using manual pumps, deploying sea anchors, and patching leaks.

D. Signaling Practice:

1. Safe Use of Pyrotechnics:

• Use dummy flares to practice safe handling and activation techniques.

1. Improvised Signaling Methods:

• Practice using signaling mirrors.
• Create and use improvised signaling devices.

Conclusion:

Mastering personal survival techniques is an ongoing process that requires regular training, practice, and mental preparation. The skills and knowledge covered in this lesson can make the critical difference in a maritime emergency. Remember, your most valuable survival tool is your mind – stay calm, think clearly, and apply your training.

As we’ve seen through various real-world examples and case studies, survival situations can arise unexpectedly and in various forms. By thoroughly understanding and practicing these survival techniques, maritime professionals can significantly increase their chances of survival and potentially save the lives of others in emergency situations at sea.

Continuous learning, regular drills, and maintaining a positive, prepared mindset are key to ensuring readiness for any potential maritime emergency. Stay vigilant, stay prepared, and remember that your knowledge and skills in personal survival techniques are crucial not just for your own safety, but for the safety of all those aboard your vessel.